Generalized Taylor and Generalized Calvo Price and Wage-Setting: Micro Evidence with Macro Implications

The Generalized Calvo and the Generalized Taylor model of price and wage-setting are, unlike the standard Calvo and Taylor counter-parts, exactly consistent with the distribution of durations observed in the data. Using price and wage micro-data from a major euro-area economy (France), we develop calibrated versions of these models. We assess the consequences for monetary policy transmission by embedding these calibrated models in a standard DSGE model. The Generalized Taylor model is found to help rationalizing the hump-shaped response of inflation, without resorting to the counterfactual assumption of systematic wage and price indexation.contract length, steady state, hazard rate, Calvo, Taylor, wage-setting, price-setting

Heterogeneity in Consumer Price Stickiness: A Microeconometric Investigation.

This paper examines heterogeneity in price stickiness using a large, original, set of individual price data collected at the retail level for the computation of the French CPI. To that end, we estimate, at a very high level of disaggregation, competing-risks duration models that distinguish between price increases, price decreases and product replacements. The main .ndings are the following: i) cross-product and cross-outlet-type heterogeneity in both the shape of the hazard function and the impact of covariates is pervasive ii) at the product-outlet type level, the baseline hazard function of a price spell is non-decreasing iii) there is strong evidence of state-dependence, especially for price increases.Sticky prices ; Heterogeneity ; Hazard function ; Duration models.

Optimized diffusion gradient orientation schemes for corrupted clinical DTI data sets

Object:A method is proposed for generating schemes of diffusion gradient orientations which allow the diffusion tensor to be reconstructed from partial data sets in clinical DT-MRI, should the acquisition be corrupted or terminated before completion because of patient motion. Materials and methods: A general energy-minimization electrostatic model was developed in which the interactions between orientations are weighted according to their temporal order during acquisition. In this report, two corruption scenarios were specifically considered for generating relatively uniform schemes of 18 and 60 orientations, with useful subsets of 6 and 15 orientations. The sets and subsets were compared to conventional sets through their energy, condition number and rotational invariance. Schemes of 18 orientations were tested on a volunteer. Results: The optimized sets were similar to uniform sets in terms of energy, condition number and rotational invariance, whether the complete set or only a subset was considered. Diffusion maps obtained in vivo were close to those for uniform sets whatever the acquisition time was. This was not the case with conventional schemes, whose subset uniformity was insufficient. Conclusion: With the proposed approach, sets of orientations responding to several corruption scenarios can be generated, which is potentially useful for imaging uncooperative patients or infant

Renal MRI diffusion: experimental protocol

Renal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be used to obtain information on the microstructure of kidney tissue, and has the potential to provide MR-biomarkers for functional renal imaging. Here we describe in a step-by-step experimental protocol the MRI method for measuring renal diffusion coefficients in rodents using ADC or IVIM models. Both methods provide quantification of renal diffusion coefficients; however, IVIM, a more complex model, allows for the calculation of the pseudodiffusion and fraction introduced by tissue vascular and tubular components. DWI provides information of renal microstructure contributing to the understanding of the physiology and the underlying processes that precede the beginning of pathologies.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis

Developpement d'un système de dopage "PM" : premiers essais

National audienceThe participation to inter-laboratory exercises is a key step for any ambient air quality monitoring network. To guarantee the interest of such campaigns, participants need a large range of concentration, including regulatory limits. As far as PM10 is concerned, the 1996 European directive implement a 24h hours limit of 50 micro g/m3 with a maximum relative uncertainty of 25%. In the frame of the French National Air Quality Laboratory (LCSQA), INERIS -in relation with LNI Inc.- is developing a special PM generator. The objective is to distribute to all participants an ambient air enriched with PM10 or PM2,5 particles. Preliminary results show that our prototype is able to distribute to 4 TEOM and TEOM-FDMS microbalances air in a range from the background up to 100 micro g/m3 and more. The set-up and the results will be presented.La reconnaissance d'une compétence en matière de mesurage passe par la participation à des exercices d'intercomparaison, ou " exercices inter-laboratoires ". Ce type d'exercice est organisé dans le cadre de la surveillance réglementaire " air ambiant " française. Afin de garantir l'efficacité d'une telle session, il est essentiel de bénéficier d'un spectre large de concentration, et tout particulièrement d'inclure les valeurs limites pour lesquelles il existe des exigences en matière d'incertitude. C'est le cas de la surveillance des PM10, pour lesquels une incertitude maximale de 25% est exigée à 50 micro g/m3 (mesure journalière). Il est en pratique impossible de garantir a priori un tel niveau de concentration. C'est pourquoi dans le cadre du LCSQA, l'INERIS a entrepris de développer des systèmes d'enrichissement, appelés aussi " systèmes de dopage ". La présente communication est consacrée au développement d'un tel dispositif pour les particules de type PM10 et PM 2,5. Les objectifs, le montage expérimental, ainsi que les premiers résultats, seront rapportés dans le cas de microbalances TEOM et TEOM-FDMS, pour des concentrations allant du niveau de fond à plus de 100 micro g/m3. Une attention particulière sera portée sur les contraintes et les résultats obtenus en matière de représentativité de la matrice, ainsi qu'en matière d'équivalence des échantillons fournis à chaque analyseur participant

Analytic Metaphysics versus Naturalized Metaphysics: The Relevance of Applied Ontology

The relevance of analytic metaphysics has come under criticism: Ladyman & Ross, for instance, have suggested do discontinue the field. French & McKenzie have argued in defense of analytic metaphysics that it develops tools that could turn out to be useful for philosophy of physics. In this article, we show first that this heuristic defense of metaphysics can be extended to the scientific field of applied ontology, which uses constructs from analytic metaphysics. Second, we elaborate on a parallel by French & McKenzie between mathematics and metaphysics to show that the whole field of analytic metaphysics, being useful not only for philosophy but also for science, should continue to exist as a largely autonomous field

Estimation of Fiber Orientations Using Neighborhood Information

Data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) can be used to reconstruct fiber tracts, for example, in muscle and white matter. Estimation of fiber orientations (FOs) is a crucial step in the reconstruction process and these estimates can be corrupted by noise. In this paper, a new method called Fiber Orientation Reconstruction using Neighborhood Information (FORNI) is described and shown to reduce the effects of noise and improve FO estimation performance by incorporating spatial consistency. FORNI uses a fixed tensor basis to model the diffusion weighted signals, which has the advantage of providing an explicit relationship between the basis vectors and the FOs. FO spatial coherence is encouraged using weighted l1-norm regularization terms, which contain the interaction of directional information between neighbor voxels. Data fidelity is encouraged using a squared error between the observed and reconstructed diffusion weighted signals. After appropriate weighting of these competing objectives, the resulting objective function is minimized using a block coordinate descent algorithm, and a straightforward parallelization strategy is used to speed up processing. Experiments were performed on a digital crossing phantom, ex vivo tongue dMRI data, and in vivo brain dMRI data for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The results demonstrate that FORNI improves the quality of FO estimation over other state of the art algorithms.Comment: Journal paper accepted in Medical Image Analysis. 35 pages and 16 figure

Modélisation du comportement dynamique du prototype d’un concept de miroir déformable pour l’E-ELT

L’E-ELT est un projet d’extrêmement grand télescope européen piloté par l’ESO dont la première lumière est attendue en 2017. Il intègrera dans son schéma optique une optique adaptative équipée d’un miroir déformable destinée à corriger les perturbations liées à la turbulence atmosphérique. Les dimensions(diamètre et masse) élevées de ce miroir rendent incertaine l’absence d’interactions entre le fonctionnementdu miroir et ses modes propres. L’étude présente s’intéresse à la modélisation du prototype d’un concept de miroir déformable proposé par l’industriel CILAS. L’accent est mis sur la base modale et sur les réponses fréquentielles à des excitations de type inclinaison